What Beef Cattle Gives the Most Prime Meat
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is generally known as beef. In beefiness product in that location are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production bike of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals non grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers. While the principal utilize of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beefiness by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding [edit]
Besides breeding to come across the demand for beef production, owners likewise use selective breeding to accomplish specific traits in their beef cattle. An case of a desired trait could be leaner meat[ane] or resistance to illness.[ii] Breeds known as dual-purpose are too used for beef production. These breeds take been selected for two purposes at once, such as both beefiness and dairy production, or both beefiness and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such equally Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose as well. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime number example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, but in the past they were also used for draught. Still, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into 2 groups through selective breeding.[3]
Nearly beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days afterwards the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If information technology was a cow'due south first time calving, she will accept longer to re-breed by at least x days.[4] However, beef cattle can also be bred through bogus insemination,[ane] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer and so that calving may occur the following leap.[i] Nevertheless, cattle convenance can occur at other times of year. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all year round. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities.[1]
There are many factors that come into play when selecting for a balderdash. Some of the most important factors are disease prevention/spread. Buying a balderdash who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a risk, it would more than than likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that will better the original herd rather than remaining the aforementioned or decreasing. Some brood for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat properties, etc. Breeding Soundness Examination or BSE are essential to the quality of any balderdash, a general concrete exam and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.[5] Knowing more information about the creature will help make an educated determination.
Cattle maintenance [edit]
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a depression stress environment for their herds, involving constant safety, wellness, comfort, nourishment and humane handling. According to the Canadian National Farm Animal Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme conditions, safe handling and equipment, veterinary care and humane slaughter.[six] If an animal is infected or suspected to have an illness, it is the responsibleness of the owners to report information technology immediately to a practicing veterinary for either handling or euthanasia.[7] Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of production organization, stocking density, etc.), illness and affliction can spread chop-chop through the herd from animal to animate being.[8] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle'due south condition regularly for early detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human wellness (known as zoonotic)[6] equally witnessed with Mad moo-cow disease and Tuberculosis.
On average, cattle will consume 1.4 to 4% of their body weight daily.[9] In that location are a range of types of feed bachelor for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Food Requirements of Beef Cattle, has been through eight editions over at to the lowest degree seventy years.[x] The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition'southward crude protein.[11] [12] In the 20th century, Canadian do followed the American guidance.[thirteen] Already in 1970, the Food and Drug Assistants was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and safe antibiotics.[fourteen]
Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore but feel fresh grass, these are typically moo-cow-calf operations in more than tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have dissimilar diets that contain more grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture just the animals grow faster with the college protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all feasible feed options.[15] Despite this 3/fourth of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle eat each 24-hour interval will be corn.[16] Cattle weighing 1000 lbs. will drinkable an average of 41 L a day, and approximately 82 L in hot weather condition.[17] They demand a abiding supply of expert quality feed and drink h2o according to the five Freedoms of Animal Welfare.[18]
About Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The first feedlots were constructed in the early on 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew then large they warranted a new designation, "Full-bodied Creature Feeding Functioning" (CAFO). Most American beef cattle spend the concluding one-half of their lives in a CAFO.[sixteen]
Cattle processing [edit]
A steer that weighs one,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the blood, head, feet, peel, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is then hung in a cold room for between ane and four weeks, during which time it loses some weight as water dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing house, the carcass would brand near 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.[19] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, at that place is a scale of marbled meat used to decide the quality. Marbling is the fat that is within the muscle, not effectually information technology. The more marbled a cutting is, the college it volition grade and exist worth more.[20]
Slaughtering of livestock has 3 distinct stages: preslaughter treatment, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter treatment, how the animal is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can cause adverse effects on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities take been allowed to minimize this. Yet, access to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute so movement is express. Once restrained the animal can exist stunned in one of three methods: penetrating captive bolt, non-penetrating captive commodities and gunshot. Near abattoirs utilize captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The last step is slaughtering, typically the animal will exist hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide volition exist removed for further processing at this point and the animal will be cleaved down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass volition be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.[21]
Breeds [edit]
| Breed | Origin | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptaur | Australia | A tropically adapted Bos taurus breed, adult from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns. |
| Afrikaner cattle | Southward Africa | Afrikaners are usually deep red or black with long spreading horns. They take the small cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Australian Braford | Commonwealth of australia | Developed for resistance to ticks and for rut tolerance past crossing Brahmans and Herefords. |
| Australian Brangus | Commonwealth of australia | Polled brood developed by crossing Angus and Brahman |
| Australian Charbray | Australia | Developed by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases. |
| Barzona | The states (Arizona) | Developed in the high desert, inter-mountain region of Arizona. |
| Beefalo | United States | Hybrid between a cow and an American bison. |
| Beef Shorthorn | England and Scotland | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Beefmaster | U.s. (Texas) | Adult by breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford. |
| Belgian Blueish | Belgium | Greyness roan, or white with grey on head. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Belmont Ruby | Commonwealth of australia | A blended breed using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Belted Galloway | Scotland | Black with white band effectually middle, stocky, fairly long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Black Hereford | Great Britain | A crossbreed produced by crossing a Hereford balderdash with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beef offspring from dairy cows. Not maintained every bit a separate breed, although females may be used for further breeding with other beef bulls. |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | France | Pale chocolate-brown, paler round eyes and olfactory organ. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Bonsmara | Due south Africa | Adult from 10/xvi Afrikaner, 3/xvi Hereford and iii/sixteen Shorthorn cattle. |
| Boran | East Africa (Federal democratic republic of ethiopia-Kenya) | Usually white, with the bulls existence darker (sometimes almost black). |
| Brahman | India | Large, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders. |
| Brangus | Usa | Developed by crossing Angus and Brahman. |
| British White | United kingdom | White body, with black (or sometimes scarlet) ears, nose and feet; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | France | Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped pale horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Chianina | Italy | Dual-purpose, originally big draft brood, later selected for beef. |
| Corriente | Mexico | Hardy, modest, athletic, criollo-type, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Short horns, various colors, often spotted. Also called Criollo or Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Iberian Peninsula | 400-year-one-time longhorn breed with around 700 individuals that alive shut to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Dairy Shorthorn | United Kingdom | Suitable for both dairy and beefiness. |
| Dexter | Ireland | Very small, blackness or dun, dark horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing gene, leading to very short legs. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Droughtmaster | Australia | Developed by crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, particularly the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of estrus and ticks. |
| English Longhorn | England | Cherry or brindle, with white back and abdomen. Very long cylindrical horns usually spreading sideways or downwards, often curving and fifty-fifty eventually making a circle. Medium size, hardy. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Red pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beefiness and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Florida Cracker cattle | United States | Small, criollo-blazon descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.Southward. past the Castilian conquistadors. Adapted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered brood. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Blackness, stocky, adequately long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Gascon cattle | French republic | Grey, hardy, maternal breed. Skilful growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a terminal sire. |
| Gelbvieh | Federal republic of germany | Blood-red, strong skin pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth rate of calves.[22] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Hérens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Scarlet, white caput, white finching on cervix, and white switch. |
| Highland | Scotland | Minor, stocky; black, red, dun or white. Very long glaze and very long pale horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Hungarian Greyness | Republic of hungary | Robust, easy-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upwardly. Slender and tall. Well-adapted to extensive pasture systems. |
| Irish Moiled | Ireland | Red with white back and belly, or white with cherry ears, nose and anxiety. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Jabres | Primal Java, Indonesia | Colors varied from light brown to dark brown with a black stripe spans from back to tail. |
| Japanese Shorthorn | Japan | A breed of small beefiness cattle. |
| Limousin | Limousin and Marche regions of French republic | Mid-dark-brown, paler round eyes and nose. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Lincoln Reddish | England | |
| Lowline | Australia | Developed by selectively breeding small Angus cattle. |
| Luing | Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Rough coat, red-brown, polled. Bred by crossing Beef Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Madurese | E Coffee, Indonesia | Small body, short legs, reddish xanthous pilus. |
| Maine-Anjou | Anjou region in France | Red-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Mocho Nacional | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Grey | South Eastern Australia | Greyness or silver polled cattle developed from a roan Shorthorn cow and an Angus bull. Like shooting fish in a barrel-care versatile cattle that have been exported to many countries. |
| Nelore | Republic of india | Exported to Brazil, where information technology has become a dominant brood. |
| Nguni | South Africa | Extremely hardy breed adult by the Nguni tribes for harsh African weather condition. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite distinct. Three subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi. |
| North Devon | Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England | Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Piemontese | Piedmont, Italia | Bred both for beef and dairy production; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes. |
| Pineywoods | Gulf Declension, United states | Landrace heritage endangered breed, lean, small, adapted to climate of the Deep South, disease-resistant. Short horns, various colors, oft spotted. |
| Pinzgauer | Republic of austria | Ethnic to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, just well-adapted to drier landscapes of the United states, Australia and Due south Africa, where they are kept for beef production. Solid red with very distinctive white blaze from wither, down to tail tip and underside. |
| Ruby Angus | Australia, United States | Colour multifariousness of Angus in some countries: solid blood-red. Polled. |
| Red Poll | East Anglia in England | Blood-red with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose. |
| Crimson Sindhi | Sindh in Pakistan | Ruby-red Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beef product or dairy farming. |
| Romagnola | Italy | Bred primarily for beefiness product; often used equally draught beasts in the past. White or grey with black pigmented pare and upward curving horns. |
| Romosinuano | Colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Spain | A breed of cattle native to the autonomous community of Galicia in north-western Kingdom of spain. It is raised mainly for meat. It is distributed throughout Galicia, with about 75% of the population concentrated in the province of Lugo. The glaze may be red-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured. |
| Salers | France | Red. Hardy, like shooting fish in a barrel calving. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Southern Texas, U.s. | Adult by crossing cherry-red Shorthorn and Brahman. |
| Simmental | Western Switzerland | Yellowish-brown, white caput. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). |
| Shorthorn/Beefiness Shorthorn | Northern England | Red, red with white back and belly, or white. |
| Square Meater | New Southward Wales, Commonwealth of australia | Small-scale, grey or silver, polled; similar to Murray Grey. |
| Sussex | South-due east England | Rich chestnut cherry with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early 20th century. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Japan | Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beefiness such as Kobe and Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | United States | Various colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending as much every bit 80 inches (ii.0 m) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry climates. Light-muscled, then bulls ofttimes used for first-dogie heifers. |
| Wagyū | Japan | Black, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fat deposition). |
| Welsh Black | Wales | Black, white upswept horns with black tips. Hardy. |
| White Park | United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, Ireland | White, with black (or sometimes reddish) ears, nose and anxiety; white horns with dark tips. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Hybrid between a moo-cow and a European bison. |
See also [edit]
- Conjugated linoleic acid
- Listing of cattle breeds
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Beef Product". University of Guelph, Beast Sciences. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ "Beef Inquiry School: What'south the Latest Enquiry on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Meliorate Dairy Cow. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "Pregnant cows, timing of pregnancy, open up cows, pregnancy rate". University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agronomics and Natural Resource. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "Overview of Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male". Merck Transmission Veterinarian Manual. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ a b "Recommended lawmaking of do for the care and treatment of subcontract animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ Eadie, Jim (May xvi, 2017). "Code of Do for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ "Code of practice for the care and treatment of beef cattle: Review of scientific enquiry on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved Feb ane, 2018.
- ^ "How much feed will my moo-cow eat". Ministry of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"
- ^ uaex.edu: "Beefiness cattle nutrition series - Part 3: Food Requirement Tables", University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture publication MP391
- ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beefiness cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"
- ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of subcontract animals: Beefiness Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition
- ^ [https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. M (1970): "Beefiness cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : Academy of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Higher of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service
- ^ "Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Salubrious, Pasture-Based Nutrition". Mother Globe News. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ a b Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
- ^ "Beefiness Cattle: The codes of do" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved Feb i, 2018.
- ^ "1000 lb. steer to 610 lbs. beef". Oklahoma Nutrient Condom Sectionalization. Retrieved April half-dozen, 2013.
- ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Spruce. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on Nov iv, 2008. Retrieved November xi, 2008.
External links [edit]
- Oklahoma State University pages most cattle breeds.
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle
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